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[5]Walker,Provisions on Companies in United States Commercial Treaties,AJIL 50 (1956),373(388).
[6]Article 10.11 of US-Chile FTA
[7]Article 10.12(2)of US-CAFTA-Dominican Republic FTA
[8]Article 11.12 of US-Australia FTA
[9]Article 10.12 of US-Peru FTA
[10]Article 10.12 of US-Panama FTA
[11]Article G-13 of Canada-Chile FTA
[12]《中國 - 新西蘭自由貿易協定》,第 149 條。
[13]參見 GATS 第六部分第 27 條。
[14]The Multilateral Agreement on Investment,Draft Consolidated Text,DAFFE/MAI (98)7/REV1,22 April1998,available at http://www1.oecd.org/daf/mai/pdf/ng/ng987r1e.pdf,visited on June 1,2012.
[15]Article 1113(2)of NAFTA
[16]Article 17(3)of ECT
[17]Article 18 of Canada FIPA,.
[18]Article 22 of US Model BIT 1994.
[19]Article 17 of US Model BIT 2004.
[20]The Treaty between United States of America and the Republic of Kyrgyzstan concerning the En-couragement and Reciprocal Protection of Investment,signed on 19 January 1993,article I(2).
[21]ICSID Case No. ARB/00/3,Waste Management,Inc. (U.S.)v. United Mexican States,(April 30,2004)(Award)para 80.
[22]ICSID Case No. ARB/00/9,Generation Ukraine Inc.v. Ukraine,para 15.9. (Sept. 16,2003)(Award).
[23]ICSID Case No. ARB/03/24,Plama Consortium Limited v. Republic of Bulgaria,Decision on Ju-risdiction,February 8,2005.
[24]ICSID Case No. ARB/02/18,Tokios Tokelès v. Ukraine,Decision on Jurisdiction,April 29,2004,para 36.
[25]ICSID Case No. ARB/03/13,Pan American Energy LLC and BP Argentina Exploration Company v. The Argentine Republic,Decision on Jurisdiction,27 July 2006.
[26]ICSID Case No. ARB/09/12,Pac Rim Cayman LLC v. El Salvador,the Republic of El Salvador'sMemorial Objections to Jurisdiction.
[27]The Energy Charter Treaty,Part V Dispute Settlement.
[28]ICSID Case No. ARB/03/24,Plama Consortium Limited v. Republic of Bulgaria,Decision on Ju-risdiction,February 8,2005,para 147-148.
[29]The commentary and the text of the Treaty between the Government of the United States ofAmerica and the Government of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan concerning the Encouragement andReciprocal Protection of Investment,signed on 2 July 1997,available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/43565.pdf,visited on June 1,2012.
[30]Barcelona Traction,Light and Power Co. Ltd. (Belgium. v. Spain),1970 I.C.J.,Reports 3,para. 58.
[31]參見陳安主編:《國際投資爭端案例精選》,復旦大學出版社 2005 年版,第 74 頁、第 75 頁,第 501 頁。
[32]Article 28(n)of GATS,.
[33]Arrangement between the Interchange Association and the Association of East Asian Relations for the Mutual Cooperation on the Liberalization,Promotion and Protection of Investment,Arti-cle 25,signed on September 22,2011.
[34]Agreement between Japan and The Lao People’s Democratic Republic for The Liberalisation,Pro-motion and Protection of Investment,Article 1 Definitions,signed on January 16,2008.
[35]、[36]Final Act of the European Energy Charter Conference,Lisbon,16-17 December 1994,Under-standings no. 3,at 26,available at http://www.encharter.org/fileadmin/user_upload/docu-ment/EN.pdf,visited on June 1,2012.
[37]ICSID Case No. ARB/00/9,Generation Ukraine Inc.v. Ukraine,para 15.7,(Sept. 16,2003)(Award).
[38]ICSID Case No. ARB/03/13,Pan American Energy LLC and BP Argentina Exploration Company v. The Argentine Republic,Decision on Jurisdiction,27 July 2006,para 203,204,221.
[39]ICSID Case No. ARB/03/24,Plama Consortium Limited v. Republic of Bulgaria,Award,27 August2008,para 81.
[40]Petrobart Limited v. Kyrgyz Republic,Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Com-merce (ECT),SCC No. 126/2003,Award,29 March 2005,para 63.
[41]ICSID Case No. ARB/02/18,Tokios Tokelès v. Ukraine,Decision on Jurisdiction,April 29,2004,para 37.
[42]NAFTA article 26 (2):Subject to prior notification and consultation in accordance with Articles 1803 (Notification and Provision of Information)and 2006 (Consultations).
[43]The 2004 Canadian Model BIT,Article 18.2,available at http://italaw.com/documents/Canadi-an2004-FIPA-model-en.pdf,visited on June 1,2012.
[44]Meg Kinnear,Andrea Bjorklund,& John F.G. Hannaford,Investment Disputes under NAFTA:an Annotated Guide to NAFTA Chapter 11,para 1113-16,Kluwer Law,June 2006.
[45]美國實踐也并非完全前后一致,仍存在例外的情況,例如 2004 年 9 月 17 日簽署的《日美加強經濟聯系協定》(The Agreement between Japan and the United Mexican States for the Strengthening of the Economic Relations),即規定有通知及磋商程序。
[46]ICSID Case No. ARB/03/24,Plama Consortium Limited v. Republic of Bulgaria,Decision on Jurisdiction,February 8,2005,para 155.
[47]ICSID Case No. ARB/03/24,Plama Consortium Limited v. Republic of Bulgaria,Decision on Ju-risdiction,February 8,2005,para 157.
[48]Denial of Benefit and ECT,PENN STATE LAW REVIEW,Vol. 113:4,2009,at 1320.
[49]ICSID Case No. ARB/03/24,Plama Consortium Limited v. Republic of Bulgaria,Decision on Ju-risdiction,February 8,2005,para 162.
[50]See James Chalker,Making the Energy Charter Treaty Too Investor Friendly:Plama ConsortiumLimited v. The Republic of Bulgaria,(2006)3 Transnational Dispute Management (TDM)1,at 17.
[51]Denial of Benefit and ECT,PENN STATE LAW REVIEW,Vol. 113:4,2009,at 1321.
[52]J.W. Salacuse,BIT by BIT:The Growth of Bilateral Investment Treaties and Their Impact ofForeign Investment in Developing Countries,24 INT’L LAW. 655,665 (1990).
[53]Rudolph Dolzer & Christoph Schreuer,Principles of International Investment Law 55 (Oxford U-niv. Press 2008).Herman Walker Jr.,Provisions on Companies in United States CommercialTreaties,50 AM. J. INT’L L. 373,388 (1956).
[54]ILA German Branch,The Determination of the Nationality of Investors under Investment Treaties:A Preliminary Report,2009,available at http://www.50yearsofbits.com/docs/0912211341_ILA_Working_Group_Nationality.pdf,visited on June 1,2012,at 57-58.
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