[ 劉 磊 ]——(2018-11-9) / 已閱20240次
對于侵犯憲法基本權利之外的其他的輕度違法偵查,可以設定相對彈性化的“排非”規則,即由法院“一次一案”地通過個案裁判建立排除標準,通過最高人民法院發布指導案例來逐步形成全國統一的指導性規則,這或許更適合中國的現實國情。同時,對于專業性較強的偵查執法行為,先由立法機關與執法機關制定更詳盡、細密化的偵查執法規范,法院再參考偵查執法規范進行個案裁判,法院通過案例的累積來引導偵查機關以遵守法定程序的方式進行取證。個案裁量排除模式的優點是讓法院擁有更多的彈性空間,對于臥底線民、監聽、誘捕偵查等諸多獲取嫌疑人言詞證據的偵查方式,由法院結合具體案情,逐案審查偵查訊問的合法性。
(三)違法言詞證據引入“毒樹果實”規則的必要性
根據美國憲法判例,只要警方以嚴重違反憲法第四、第五修正案的方式偵查取證,美國法院不僅強制排除違法偵查獲取的直接證據,也排除隨后的衍生證據,即使衍生證據是以合法方式取得的。在美國刑事訴訟程序中,警方的違法偵查行為被視為“毒樹”,違法偵查所取得的證據被法院視為第一代果實,顯然要予以排除。警方違反憲法第四、第五修正案所獲得的第二代果實,即衍生證據,通常也要予以排除。雖然我國目前尚難以對所有的違法偵查均確立“毒樹果實”排除規則,但是對于嚴重的違法偵查行為,尤其是刑訊逼供、變相肉刑等極其嚴重的違法取證行為,則有必要確立“毒樹果實”規則來排除相關的衍生證據,否則非法證據排除規則將會被偵查機關所規避適用。審訊過程是犯罪嫌疑人與偵查機關最初直接接觸的階段,我國審訊過程通常是在無律師在場情況下的秘密場合中所完成。如果僅僅排除刑訊逼供直接產生的證據,不排除隨后的衍生言詞證據,非法證據排除規則的權威則會因此受損,也難以真正對偵查機關產生威嚇力。
(四)立法機關才是制定細密化“排非”標準的最佳機關
法院審查、排除某些違法證據,至多只能為警方執法提供少量的執法規范。系統、完整的執法規范由立法機關與執法機關制定詳盡的細則,更符合中國的現實。美國學者曾建議制定全美國統一的偵查執法規范,但由于美國聯邦制傳統下各州與聯邦法律之間往往難以統一,在制定細密化、統一化的偵查執法規范問題上,美國一直難有大的作為[4](P63-84)。中國的情況則相反,由立法機關與執法機關制定細密化的執法規范,立法成本與推行難度遠遠小于美國,這也是中國刑事司法改革的后發優勢之一。
對于攔停、搜查、扣押、高科技定位追蹤偵查、臥底偵查等諸多未必侵犯憲法基本權利的偵查行為,法官往往沒有一線執法警察的經歷,個案執法中因案而異,法院并非“制定警察執法規范”的最佳機關,由立法機關與執法機關制定偵查規范細則更符合現代偵查專業化、技術化的發展趨勢。從美國的經驗教訓來看,法院的事后審查排除違法證據的范圍畢竟有限度,而且還曾因司法外政治、社會因素的影響造成前后判例立場上的反復不定,美國很多學者亦認為,立法機關與執法機關才是制定警察執法規范細則的最佳權力分支[33](P689)。對于刑訊逼供等嚴重侵犯憲法基本權利的違法取證,法院能夠對違法證據依法予以強制排除;但對于搜查、扣押、線民取證等諸多不涉及憲法基本權利的取證行為,法院事后對執法現場情況的判斷以及嚇阻效果的預估未必優于立法機關與執法機關。
中國是成文法國家,只有在有明確且詳盡的排除標準的前提下,中國法院才能夠排除違法證據。中國案例指導制度對中國法官的影響力有限,由立法機關與執法機關制定更詳盡的執法細則,更能有效規范偵查行為,中國刑事司法改革較美國也更具后發優勢。
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Exclusionary Rule Paradigm in China: Dilemma and Solutions
Liu Lei (Tongji University)
Abstract There exist many disparities between actual effects and legislation intent on the prob- lem of Chinese Exclusionary Rule, Chinese criminal courts are too weak to exclusive unlawfully obtained evidence which also brings in negative exclusion model in judicial practice. Chinese legal statutes on Exclusionary Rule still have some loopholes and Chinese special judicial backgrounds may lead to magnetic field effect for Chinese judges. Because Chinese Courts have not higher judicial authority than America, Chinese judges cannot be so passive as U.S. Supreme Court is, so as to make judicial decisions on Exclusionary Rule case-by-case. We can find both some good values and lessons from American Exclusionary Rule’s legal history. If China try to solve all the problems on unlawfully obtained evidence, first of all, it is necessary to accept the ideas of preventive vindication and the rule of “fruits of poisonous tree”. Secondly, Chinese judge must decide good options in different models such as absolute exclusion or relative exclusion on illegal evidence. Finally, legislators are the best department to make detailed and bright-line standard to deter police wrongful and illegal conduct. Only by these ways can China seek the best model according to judicial background.
Key words exclusionary rule on unlawfully obtained evidence; judicial magnetic force influence; preventive exclusion; fruit-of-poisonous-tree rule; criminal procedure
■ 收稿日期 2018-03-04
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