[ 趙慶慶譯 ]——(2005-2-27) / 已閱50468次
Promoting Competition,
Protecting Consumers:
A Plain English Guide to Antitrust Laws
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface
An Antitrust Primer
Illegal Business Practices
Maintaining or Creating a Monopoly
Mergers
Price Discrimination
Frequently Asked Questions
Keeping Markets Competitive
簡明反托拉斯法英文指南
目錄：
序 言
反托拉斯入門
非法商事行為
維持和引發壟斷
合并
價格歧視
常見問題
保持市場競爭性
Preface
序言：
The Bureau of Competition of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the Antitrust Division of the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) share responsibility for enforcing laws that promote competition in the marketplace. Competition benefits consumers by keeping prices low and the quality of goods and services high.
聯邦貿易委員會競爭署和司法部反托拉斯局共同負責實施促進市場競爭的法律。市場競爭則是通過保持商品的低價以及商品和服務的高質量使消費者受益。
The FTC is a consumer protection agency with two mandates under the FTC Act: to guard the marketplace from unfair methods of competition, and to prevent unfair or deceptive acts or practices that harm consumers. These tasks often involve the analysis of complex business practices and economic issues. When the Commission succeeds in doing both its jobs, it protects consumer sovereignty -- the freedom to choose goods and services in an open marketplace at a price and quality that fit the consumer’s needs -- and fosters opportunity for businesses by ensuring a level playing field among competitors. In pursuing its work, the FTC can file cases in both federal court and a special administrative forum.
聯邦貿易委員會是在《聯邦貿易委員會法》規制下并擁有其兩項授權的一個消費者保護機構：一是引導市場避免不公平的競爭；二是杜絕有損消費者利益的不公平或欺騙性的市場行為。它的這些任務通常包括了分析復雜的市場交易行為和有關的經濟問題。當委員會成功地完成其任務時，消費者的主權就得到了很好的保護：他們自由地選擇商品；以合適的價格和品質在一個公開的市場上接受服務；并通過整平市場競爭者之間的游戲場地來培育商機。為了實現其職能，聯邦貿易委員會擁有在聯邦法院和一專門的行政法庭的立案權。
The FTC has prepared this booklet to help you understand the antitrust laws -- how they can benefit consumers, and how they can affect you if you operate a business. The booklet explains how antitrust laws can be violated, answers frequently asked questions about potential violations, describes how you can help keep markets competitive, and tells where to find more information about the antitrust laws.
聯邦貿易委員會特別準備了這個小冊子以幫助您更好地理解反托拉斯法：如：它怎樣使消費者受益；如果您正從事商業活動，它將怎樣影響您的經營行為。同時，這本小冊子還將介紹一些違反反托拉斯法的行為；回答一些常見的關于潛在違法性行為的問題；描述你可以如何幫助保持市場的競爭性；并告訴您在哪可能找到更多有關反托拉斯法的信息和資料。
The FTC also has available other publications that explain its numerous consumer protection activities.
當然，聯邦貿易委員會還有一些介紹其經常性的消費者權益保護行動的出版物。
"Antitrust laws . . . are the Magna Carta of free enterprise. They are as important to the preservation of economic freedom and our free-enterprise system as the Bill of Rights is to the protection of our fundamental personal freedoms."
--The Supreme Court, United States v. Topco Associates,
Inc. 1972
“《反托拉斯法》-------在自由的企業制度中是位受歡迎者。其之于維持經濟自由和我們自由的企業制度的重要性就像《人權法案》之于保護我們基本的人身自由的重要性那樣.”
最高法院 United States v. Topco Associates Inc. 1972
An Antitrust Primer
反托拉斯入門
The antitrust laws describe unlawful practices in general terms, leaving it to the courts to decide what specific practices are illegal based on the facts and circumstances of each case.
反托拉斯法只是在總體上描述了一些非法的實踐，而讓各法院根據每個案件的事實和背景去確定其具體的違法行為。
Section 1 of the Sherman Act outlaws "every contract, combination . . . , or conspiracy, in restraint of trade," but long ago, the Supreme Court decided that the Sherman Act prohibits only those contracts or agreements that restrain trade unreasonably. What kinds of agreements are unreasonable is up to the courts.
《謝爾曼法》第一條宣布 “關于限制貿易的任何契約、合并、串謀”均為非法。但許久以前最高法院認為《謝爾曼法》禁止的只是那些不合理限制貿易的契約或協定。但具體哪一種協定是不合理的則由法院來確認。
Section 2 of the Sherman Act makes it unlawful for a company to "monopolize, or attempt to monopolize," trade or commerce. As that law has been interpreted, it is not necessarily illegal for a company to have a monopoly or to try to achieve a monopoly position. The law is violated only if the company tries to maintain or acquire a monopoly position through unreasonable methods. For the courts, a key factor in determining what is unreasonable is whether the practice has a legitimate business justification.
《謝爾曼法》第二條宣布一公司 “獨占或企圖獨占”市場交易為非法。該法同時還作出解釋：一公司擁有壟斷或企圖謀取壟斷地位并不是構成非法的必要條件，只是當該公司通過某種不正當的手段試圖維持或謀取壟斷地位時，它才被認定是非法的。對于法院來說，確認其手段合理與否的一個關鍵因素是該公司對其所實施的行為是否有正當的商事抗辯理由。
Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act outlaws "unfair methods of competition" but does not define unfair. The Supreme Court has ruled that violations of the Sherman Act also are violations of Section 5, but Section 5 covers some practices that are beyond the scope of the Sherman Act. It is the FTC’s job to enforce Section 5.
《聯邦貿易委員會法》第五條宣布 “不公平的競爭手段”為非法，但并未對所謂的 “不公平”下確切的定議。最高法院曾裁定違反《謝爾曼法》的行為同時也是違反本條規定的。然而，第五條還涵蓋了一些超出謝爾曼法規制范圍的違法行為。第五條的實施權是歸屬于聯邦貿易委員會的。
Section 7 of the Clayton Act prohibits mergers and acquisitions where the effect "may be substantially to lessen competition, or to tend to create a monopoly." Determining whether a merger will have that effect requires a thorough economic evaluation or market study.
《克萊頓法》第七條禁止“可能有實質性弱化競爭或引有發壟斷趨向”的效果的企業合并。確定一合并案是否有上述效果則需要徹底的經濟效益評估和市場調查。
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